List of amphibians of
Sri Lanka
Amphibian
·
Phylum: Chordata
·
Class: Amphibia
Amphibians are ectothermic
vertebrates of the class Amphibia. They have soft glandular skin and live in
all habitats of the world except ice caps. They complete an amphibious
lifestyle where larval stages live in water and adults on or closer to land.
With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often
ecological indicators.
Sri Lanka is host to over 110+ species of amphibians, of which over 90 species is being endemic to the country.[1] The 85% of endemicity ratio makes Sri Lanka the country which has the
highest amphibian endemism in Asia.[2] During the past decade the finding of new amphibians in Sri Lanka has
increased significantly.[3]
The first amphibian review in Sri
Lanka in 1957 identified 35 species. In 1996 the number of amphibian species
has raised to 53 based on research of museum collections and also a field
survey. More than 250 species were proposed based on this field survey by Rohan Pethiyagoda and Kelum
Manamendra-Arachchi in 1998. However Madhava Meegaskumbura et al. revised
the number to around 140 species,[4] and the discovery of over "new" 100 species has been
criticised.[5] As at 2018, 121 descriptions of amphibian species have been
published, with 111 endemics.[6][7] Three caecilian species has been identified with one undescribed species.
Sri Lanka harbours three endemic
genera, Adenomus, Nannophrys, and Lankanectes.[3] Most of the new species is of the genus Philautus was assigned to genusPseudophilautus recently. Hence, there are no amphibians of the genus Philautus (sensu
stricto) in Sri Lanka. Pseudophilautus pardus and P. maia, the species known only from collections made prior to 1876 are described
as new species in 2007, but both are decided to be extinct species.[8]
Sri Lanka also ranked highest in Asia
for having highest percentage of extinct and threatened amphibian species.[2] In the 20th century the country has lost 20% of its amphibians and
more than half of remaining species is on the verge of extinction. Of the
world's 34 amphibian fauna that have gone extinct in the last 500 years, 19 of
them are from Sri Lanka.[3] Habitat loss is attributed as the main cause of threats while fragmentation, use of pesticides, and air pollution are among others. In April 2015, Mendis Wickrremasingheet al. described
another endemic Pseudophilautus species P.dilmah.
Amphibians
Diversity of Sri Lanka
Order Anura: Frogs
|
Common name
|
Species
(Authority)
|
Endemicity
|
Status
|
|
Kandyan Dwarf Toad
|
Adenomus kandianus
(Günther, 1872) |
Endemic
|
|
|
Kelaart's Dwarf Toad
|
Adenomus kelaartii
(Günther, 1858) |
Endemic
|
|
|
Yala Toad
|
Duttaphrynus atukoralei
Bogert & Senanayake, 1966 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Kotagama's Dwarf Toad
|
Duttaphrynus kotagamai
Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Common Indian Toad
|
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Schneider, 1799 |
|
|
|
Noellert's Toad
|
Duttaphrynus noellerti
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Ferguson's toad
|
Duttaphrynus scaber
Schneider, 1799 (see Dubois & Ohler, 1999: 154) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Indian Skipper frog
|
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
(Schneider, 1799) |
|
|
|
Green Pond Frog
|
Euphlyctis hexadactylus
(Lesson, 1834) |
|
|
|
Cricket Frog
|
Fejervarya limnocharis
(Boie, 1835) |
|
|
|
Jerdon's Bullfrog
|
Hoplobatrachus crassus
(Jerdon, 1853) |
|
|
|
Sri Lanka Rock Frog
|
Nannophrys ceylonensis
(Günther, 1868) |
Endemic
|
|
|
Gunther's Streamlined Frog
|
Nannophrys guentheri
Boulenger, 1882 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Kirtisinghe's Rock Frog
|
Nannophrys marmorata
Kirtisinghe, 1946 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Nayak Rock Frog
|
Nannophrys naeyakai
Fernando, Wickramasingha & Rodrigo, 2007 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Indian Burrowing Frog
|
Sphaerotheca breviceps
(Schneider, 1799) |
|
|
|
Sri Lanka Burrowing Frog
|
Sphaerotheca rolandae
(Dubois, 1983) |
Endemic
|
|
|
Montane Frog
|
Minervarya greenii
(Boulenger, 1904) |
Endemic
|
|
|
Kirtisinghe's Frog
|
Minervarya kirtisinghei
Manamendra-Arachchi & Gabadage, 1994 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Bombay Wart Frog
|
Minervarya syhadrensis
(Annandale, 1919) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Sri Lankan Painted Frog
|
Uperodon taprobanicus
(Parker, 1934) |
|
|
|
Karunaratne's Narrow-mouthed Frog
|
Microhyla karunaratnei
Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog
|
Microhyla ornata
(Duméril & Bibron, 1841) |
|
|
|
Red Narrow-mouthed Frog
|
Microhyla mihintalei
(Jerdon, 1854) |
|
|
|
Sri Lanka Rice Frog
|
Microhyla zeylanica
Parker & Hill, 1949 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Nagao's Pug-snouted Frog
|
Uperodon nagaoi
(Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001) |
Endemic
|
|
|
Sri Lanka Dot Frog
|
Uperodon obscurus
(Günther, 1864) |
Endemic
|
|
|
Half-webbed Pug-snouted Frog
|
Uperodon palmatus
(Parker, 1934) |
Endemic
|
|
|
White-bellied Pug-snout Frog
|
(Garg, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka,
Phuge, Deuti, Manamendra-Arachchi, Meegaskumbura, and Biju, 2018)
|
|
|
|
Marbled Balloon Frog
|
Uperodon systoma
(Schneider, 1799) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Golden frog
|
Hylarana aurantiaca
Boulenger, 1904 |
|
|
|
Gravenhorst's frog
|
Hylarana gracilis
Gravenhorst, 1829 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Bronzed Frog
|
Hylarana temporalis
(Günther, 1864) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Corrugated Water Frog
|
Lankanectes corrugatus
(Peters, 1863) |
Endemic
|
|
|
Lankanectes pera
Senevirathne et al, 2018 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Pseudophilautus abundus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus adspersus
(Günther, 1872) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus alto
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus asankai
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus auratus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus bambaradeniyai
Wickramasinghe et al., 2013 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus caeruleus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus cavirostris
(Günther, 1869) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus cuspis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus dayawansai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus decoris
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus dilmah
(Wickramasinghe, Bandara, Vidanapathirana, Tennakoon, Samarakoon & Wickramasinghe, 2015) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus dimbullae
(Shreve, 1940) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus eximius
(Shreve, 1940) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus extirpo
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus femoralis
(Günther, 1864) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus fergusonianus
(Ahl, 1927) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus folicola
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus frankenbergi
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus fulvus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus hallidayi
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus halyi
(Boulenger, 1904) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus hankeni
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Archchi, 2011 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus hoffmanni
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus hoipolloi
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus hypomelas
(Günther, 1876) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus jagathgunawardanai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus karunarathnai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus leucorhinus
(Lichtenstein, Weinland & Von Martens, 1856) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus limbus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus lunatus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus macropus
(Günther, 1869) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus maia
(Meegaskumbara et al., 2007) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi
(Ahl, 1927) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus microtympanum
(Günther, 1859) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus mittermeieri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus mooreorum
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus nanus
(Günther, 1869) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus nasutus
(Günther, 1869) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus nemus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus newtonjayawardanei
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus ocularis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus
(Günther, 1872) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus papillosus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus pardus
(Meegaskumbura, Manamendra-Arachchi, Schneider and Pethiyagoda, 2007) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia
(Boulenger, 1904) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus poppiae
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus popularis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus procax
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus puranappu
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus regius
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus reticulatus
(Günther, 1864) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus rugatus
(Ahl, 1927) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus rus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus samarakoon
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus sarasinorum
(Müller, 1887) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus schmarda
(Kelaart, 1854) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus schneideri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2011 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus semiruber
(Annandale, 1913) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus silus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus silvaticus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus simba
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus singu
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus sordidus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus stellatus
(Kelaart, 1853) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus steineri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus stictomerus
(Günther, 1876) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus stuarti
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus tanu
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus temporalis
(Günther, 1864) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus variabilis
(Günther, 1859) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus viridis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus zal
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus zimmeri
(Ahl, 1927) |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Pseudophilautus zorro
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 |
Endemic
|
|
|
|
Common Hour-glass Tree frog
|
Polypedates cruciger
Blyth, 1852 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Indian Tree Frog
|
Polypedates maculatus
(Gray, 1834) |
|
|
|
Ranwella's Spined Tree frog
|
Polypedates ranwellai
Wickramasinghe, Munindrasasa & Fernando, 2012 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Montane Hour-glass Tree frog
|
Taruga eques
Günther, 1858 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Morningside Hour-glass Tree frog
|
Taruga fastigo
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Long-snouted Tree frog
|
Taruga longinasus
(Ahl, 1931) |
Endemic
|
|
Order
Gymnophiona: Caecilians
|
Common name
|
Species
(Authority)
|
Endemicity
|
Status
|
|
Family Ichthyophiidae: Asiatic tailed caecilians
|
|||
|
Ceylon Caecilian
|
Ichthyophis glutinosus
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Endemic
|
|
|
Pattipola Caecilian
|
Ichthyophis orthoplicatus
Taylor, 1965 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Lesser Yellow-banded Caecilian
|
Ichthyophis pseudangularis
Taylor, 1965 |
Endemic
|
|
|
Ichthyophis sp.
|
Endemic
|
||
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